in east africa, tectonic plates of the earth's crust are moving away from each other. under the influence of the forces of plate tectonics, the ground has cracked, and rift valleys have formed between parallel faults. the geological processes occurring in east africa vividly and clearly confirm the theory of plate tectonics, which states that the earth's crust, or lithosphere, is made up of several dozen separate tectonic plates floating on the molten inner asthenosphere. these plates hold the granite foundations of continents, surrounded by constantly renewing basalt ocean floors. in some parts of the planet, plates slide past each other, while in others, they move apart. this is what happened at the junction of the african and arabian plates when they began to separate 20 million years ago, leading to the formation of the red sea and the gulf of aden. the evidence of this movement is evident when looking at a map: it can be seen how precisely the opposite shores would align if they were to come together again. the only place where they do not align is in djibouti and the afar depression. the force that separates the earth's crustal plates is caused by molten rock rising from the mantle, filling the central rift and forming new ocean floor. at one time, this depression was part of the red sea, but it was cut off by the rise of the danakil coastal mountain range and slowly dried out. the same processes are the cause of the great rift in east africa and arabia. stretching 6,400 km from the dead sea to mozambique, this rift crosses one-seventh of the earth's perimeter. a zone of volcanoes and earthquakes runs along its entire length. in ethiopia and kenya, the upwelling of molten rock has raised and thinned the continental crust, creating vast mountainous plateaus, and it is here that the great rift takes on its most impressive forms. unable to withstand the stretching, the crust cracked in its weakest areas, and the land sank into the resulting gorges that are 40–56 km wide. for some yet unexplained reason, the great african rifts have stretched in two different directions. an ancient river system was disrupted, with its western branch, winding through uganda, tanzania, and zambia, being flooded by large lakes such as lake albert, lake tanganyika, and lake malawi. however, the eastern rift, running through ethiopia, kenya, and east tanzania, has shallow alkaline branches, such as lake natron, and high volcanoes, like the kenyan and kilimanjaro mountains. it is believed that the horn of africa may separate and drift into the indian ocean. however, some geologists argue that the atlantic ocean is expanding, and africa will move toward the arabian peninsula, causing the red sea to shrink again.
natural resources
african resources:
oil (about 6% of the world's resources)
natural gas (7%)
coal
iron
uranium
antimony and zircon
chromium
phosphorites
gold, diamonds, and other gemstones are also extracted. the richest oil and gas reserves are in the sahara basin, in the northeastern part of the gulf of guinea, while most metal ores are found in the southern part of the continent.
coasts and islands
compared to other continents, africa's coastline is relatively straight, with few suitable locations for ports. only the gulf of guinea and the gulf of sidra extend further inland. there are also not many islands off the african coast: the largest concentration is along the northwestern shores (the so-called macaronesia – the cape verde islands, the canaries, madeira) and in the indian ocean (madagascar, the mascarene islands, the amirantes, the seychelles, the comoros, europa, zanzibar, pemba, etc.). a few more islands are located in the gulf of guinea (são tomé, príncipe, bioko, pagalu) and many small islands in the red sea.
the coastal points of africa:
north – ras ben sakka;
south – cape of good hope;
east – ras hafun;
west – cape verde (almadi).
climate
the climatic map of africa:
██ desert
██ semi-desert
██ tropical climate
██ subtropical or temperate climate
the northern part, marked in red, is the sahara desert, which belongs to north africa, while the orange band below it indicates the sahel.
since the equator crosses africa almost at its center, the central part of the continent is the wettest and constantly hot, while moving north and south from the equator, the climate becomes drier and more contrasting. africa is the hottest of all continents. in the northern hemisphere, summer average temperatures reach 25–30 °c, and it is even hotter in the sahara. here is also the world's heat pole – in the libyan city of aziziyah, a temperature of 57.7 °c has been recorded. in winter, temperatures drop to 10–25 °c, and in the atlas mountains, temperatures below 0 °c and snow are not uncommon. in the southern hemisphere, summer temperatures also often exceed 30 °c (especially in the southwestern kalahari), but in winter, southern africa often cools below 10 °c, and it snows in mountainous areas. at the equator, temperatures prevail at 25–30 °c throughout the year.
precipitation distribution is very uneven: in central africa, annual rainfall ranges from 1500–2000 to 3000–4000 mm (on the coast of the gulf of guinea), while in the natural region of sudan, western, eastern, and most of southern africa, it ranges from 1500 mm (closer to the equator) to 200 mm (further from the equator). almost all of it falls during the rainy season. in the sahara and southern deserts (namib, kalahari), less than 100 mm of precipitation falls annually, and it can often not rain for several years in a row. in the northern and southern edges of the continent, 600–700 mm of precipitation falls (most of it within a few months).
thunderstorms are common in central africa, and this region experiences the most lightning in the world. in the rest of the continent, prolonged droughts are common.
hydrology
most of africa's rivers belong to the atlantic ocean. the longest river in the world, the nile, carries its waters into the mediterranean sea, which also belongs to this ocean basin. other major rivers in this basin include the congo (the most water-rich river on the continent), niger, senegal, orange, volta, gambia, ogooué, kwanza, comoé, and others. the most important rivers in the indian ocean basin are the zambezi, limpopo, shabelle, ruvuma, and rufiji. in central africa, there are endorheic basins, the largest of which is the chad lake basin (chari, logone). in deserts, only ephemeral streams that fill after rains – wadis – are typical. due to the characteristic plateaus, africa's rivers are rich in waterfalls – victoria, livingston, augrabra, ruacana, tugela (the highest).
africa is rich in large lakes. most of them are concentrated in the east african rift zone and are called the great lakes of africa: lake victoria (the largest), lake tanganyika (the deepest), lake nyasa, lake turkana, lake albert, lake kivu, and others. in ethiopia, there is the large lake tana, and in chad, there is the rapidly shrinking lake chad.
in some questions, it was hard to choose one because i would strongly agree with several answers. in "which characteristic makes a job better?" a nice environment and personal growth are as strong as what i selected, and in "which qualities does the ideal job provide you?" i would also say experience, aspiration, flexibility, confidence, and humanity.
medicine = medicine
9/11 fue un trabajo interno.
i want to work at a place where i can explore my hidden talents and abilities and learn new skills.
money matters.
i study business, which is half hard and half soft because i have theoretical classes like finance and economics, but i also have some really practical classes such as the art of negotiation or corporate communication.
mo
add gender: other / do not wish to say.
my study field combines soft and hard sciences.
i need to work daily for my studies, but i don’t have a job. so is it a necessity or not? in the end, nothing in life is necessary. i suppose i feel relatively free.
i avoid risky jobs, and i think aiming for a single career in a single industry with a single competence at this point in history is risky, so i prefer to do many different jobs and develop many competences to minimize risk, even if that means having shorter project-based contracts.
the most important quality of work is ikigai. (look it up.)
i like receiving orders from good management but not bad, and i like giving orders if i’m feeling competent about it but not if i’m not.